It is common for instructional facilities for scuba diving, skydiving, and similar risky activities to ask participants to sign exculpatory waivers shielding them from lawsuits if injury or death results. Such a waiver implies a “contract” because the parties have theoretically agreed in advance on acceptable and unacceptable outcomes. However, the patient-physician relationship is not a contract but rather is a professional bond in which the physician assumes a position of responsibility as the possessor of knowledge and skill beyond the ordinary toward patients who may not know their own best interests. Thus, the signing of a waiver by a patient does not alter the legal course when medical negligence is alleged.

No. The legal requirement is that the radiologist must possess the knowledge and skill that is ordinarily possessed by a reasonable peer. He or she is not required to possess the highest skill level to which some aspire. A general radiologist will be held to the standard of a reasonable generalist but not a specialist.

Establishment of a duty of care (i.e., physician-patient relationship)
Breach of the duty of care, or negligence
Adverse outcome with injury or harm
Direct causality between the negligence and outcome

KEY POINTS: LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FINDING OF MALPRACTICE

• Establishment of a duty of care (i.e., physician-patient relationship)
• Breach of the duty of care, or negligence
• Adverse outcome with injury or harm
• Direct causality between the negligence and outcome

Many are saying that milk feeds cancer cells because they say milk stimulate mucus production and mucus feeds cancer cells. However, a study conducted in Australia showed that milk mixed with salivary has a mucus consistency and can be mistaken for mucus. Also, milk does not encourage extra mucus production.
Cancer cells produce mucus. Cancer cells do not feed on mucus. Thus, MILK DOES NOT FEED CANCER CELLS.

It is hypothesized that abundant intracellular protein and/or paramagnetic substances, such as copper or zinc, result in the relatively high T1 signal intensity of liver. Most focal liver lesions are hypointense to normal liver on T1-weighted images. Thus, T1-weighted images are useful for liver lesion detection. Focal lesion characterization is usually established with the use of T2- and contrast-enhanced images.

A generic MR protocol would include axial T1-weighted images, axial T2-weighted images (echo time [TE] range, 80-120 ms), and heavily T2-weighted images (TE >180 ms). Contrast-enhanced images are useful for characterizing indeterminate focal liver lesions, evaluating the hepatic vasculature, and detecting potential complications of liver cirrhosis.

• The T-score is the number of standard deviations above or below the young adult mean. The young adult mean is the expected normal value for the patient compared with others of the same sex and ethnicity in a reference population the manufacturer builds into the DXA soft-ware. It is approximately what the patient should have had at his or her peak bone density at about age 20.
• The Z-score is the number of standard deviations of the patient’s bone density above or below the values expected for the patient’s age. By comparing the patient’s BMD with the expected BMD for his or her age, the Z-score can help classify the type of osteoporosis. Primary osteoporosis is age-related and in which no secondary causes are found.