Answer:
In 2000, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group revised the classification system for this set of conditions. Four categories are now recognized for hypertension in pregnancy: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has adopted the Working Group’s system.
Reference: National High [...]

Answer:
In a pregnant woman, a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg is considered hypertension.
Reference: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 33. Obstet Gynecol 99:159-167, 2002

Answer:
The mainstay of treatment is symptomatic therapy with close attention to fluid balance. Frequent small meals and avoidance of aggravating food sources are important. Ginger tea is a much touted anecdotal remedy, and powdered ginger has been proven effective when studied clinically. A randomized clinical trial of vitamin B6 versus placebo proved its efficacy in [...]

Answer:

The causes of NVP/HG remain poorly understood. The major theories of causation involve hormonal variables, abnormal gastric motility, and psychosocial stress.
Hormonal variables: Some women with hyperemesis appear to be hyperthyroid, which is associated with higher levels of circulating human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or higher biological activity of hCG. There has also been some association between [...]

Answer:
The most commonly reported serious complication associated with hyperemesis is Wernicke’s encephalopathy due to thiamine deficiency, sometimes associated with central pontine myelinolysis. A classic triad of ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor signs characterizes this syndrome. Women with prolonged vomiting should receive supplemental thiamine to prevent this dangerous complication.
Other complications related to prolonged vomiting include Mallory-Weiss tear, [...]

Answer:
Both NVP and HG have been associated with a decreased risk of spontaneous abortion in the first and second trimesters. In terms of adverse outcome, there does not appear to be any significant risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or stillbirth with mild to moderate symptoms. The literature on severe disease is mixed. In one [...]

Answer:
In terms of obstetric conditions, several disease states have been associated with an increased risk of NVP, including multiple gestation, gestational trophoblastic disease, and fetal aneuploidy (triploidy and trisomy 21). If a patient presents with symptoms in the third trimester, acute fatty liver of pregnancy and preeclampsia must be ruled out. Outside of direct obstetric-related [...]