Answer: Syphilis is caused by exposure to Treponema pallidum. The disease progresses through well-described stages. There is an initial ulcer at the point of infection, usually visible on the vulva. In contrast with genital herpes, the ulcer is painless. Systemic symptoms can appear within a year, with a characteristic rash on the palms and soles [...]

Answer: Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes. Although Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be isolated from the cervix, it primarily infects the upper genital tract. Reference: Stenchever MA, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR (eds): Comprehensive Gynecology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 2001.

Answer: Atrophic vaginitis is vulvar irritation and inflammation secondary to atrophy of the vaginal mucosa. This occurs due to inadequate estrogen and is associated with menopause. It can also occur with breastfeeding. Atrophic vaginitis is not an infection and does not require antibiotics. It is treated with supplemental estrogen either locally in the vagina or [...]