Answer:

NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER

Site
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Autoantibodies (Associated Cancer)

Brain and cranial nerves
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Anti-Yo (GYN cancer)
Anti-Hu (SCLC)
Anti-Tr (HD)
Anti-Ri (breast cancer)

Opsoclonus-myoclonus (breast cancer)
Anti-Ri

Carcinoma-associated retinopathy
Optic neuritis
Anti-recoverin (SCLC)

Limbic encephalitis
Anti-Hu (SCLC)

Brain stem encephalitis
Anti-Hu (SCLC)

Spinal cord
Myelitis
Anti-Hu (SCLC)

Subacute motor neuronopathy
Anti-Hu (SCLC)

Motor neuron disease/ALS
Anti-Hu (rarely)

Necrotizing myelopathy

Stiff-man syndrome
Anti-amphiphisin (breast, SCLC)

Peripheral nerves and dorsal [...]

Answer:
As elucidated in the World Health Organization guidelines, pain medications are to be administered in a three-step ladder according to the intensity and pathophysiology of symptoms and individual requirements. For mild pain, the recommended baseline drugs are NSAIDs. Patients with moderate-to-severe pain generally require an opioid agent such as codeine or oxycodone; severe pain requires [...]

Answer:
Treatment is the same as for renal failure, with vigorous hydration, dialysis if necessary, and appropriate treatment of electrolyte disorders. Prophylactic treatment with aggressive hydration and allopurinol prior to administering chemotherapy in susceptible patients can prevent this serious complication.
Reference: Calabresi P, Schein PS (eds): Basic Principles and Clinical Management of Cancer, 2nd ed. New York, [...]

Answer:
When rapidly growing tumors are effectively treated with chemotherapy, breakdown products of tumor lysis are released into the bloodstream in large amounts. This process may cause hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Renal failure can result from the hyperuricemia. This complication is seen within hours to days after treatment of tumors such as acute leukemia, Burkitt’s [...]

Answer:
The most common tumors causing cord compression are lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, carcinoma of unknown primary, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. The most common site of cord compression is the thoracic spine, followed by the lumbosacral spine and the cervical spine.
Reference:  Holland JF, Frei E, et al (eds): Cancer Medicine, 6th ed. New York, [...]

Answer:
The diagnosis is made by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Treatment consists of decreasing intracranial pressure with steroids, followed by radiotherapy. Surgery is recommended for patients with single intracranial lesions.
Reference:  Holland JF, Frei E, et al (eds): Cancer Medicine, 6th ed. New York, BC Decker, 2003.

Answer:
Headache occurs in up to 50% of patients with intracranial metastases. It is classically described as occurring early in the morning, disappearing or decreasing after arising, and may be associated with nausea and/or projectile vomiting. Other symptoms include focal signs such as unilateral weakness, numbness, seizures, or cranial nerve abnormalities. Nonfocal complaints such as mental [...]