Yes, cohort, case-control, and case series studies. Cohort studies divide groups by exposure status and prospectively follow the groups over time to determine who develops the disease. These studies are used to calculate the relative risks of various exposures. Case-control studies retrospectively compare cases (individuals with the disease) with controls (individuals without the disease) to [...]

Randomized controlled trials are considered the strongest studies. Patients are randomly assigned to treatment groups, limiting bias. These studies are uncommon in the emergency medicine literature and often require large study populations. Other study designs may be more appropriate, such as in instances when performing a randomized trial would be unethical (withholding a lifesaving treatment [...]

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